Here’s a 19th century citation of women eating bovine ovaries as a predecessor to estrogen supplementation. Perhaps the ancients found relief consuming bovine testicles ?

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7334883/

Unfortunately, much of the information that we have about the health situation of historic eunuchs and castrati is merely anecdotal. We do not have much clear data to work with. There is a bit of medical data from the first half of the 20th century (primarily on the Russian Skoptsy) and there has ...

Regardless of your perspectives on modern day attitudes per the OP - Ancient societies had advanced systems of insurance contracts and healthcare. Other readers will be misled if you keep repeating this arrogant and shortsighted idea that people were incapable of negotiating risk contacts or ...

how is this inquiry is shortsighted or arrogant? Is it arrogant to ask how the ancients dealt with the medical consequences of losing some other body part? If the answer is “they didn’t” that’s fine. How do you know what gratitude was like back then compared to now? Also where are you getting your ...

Or did all the forbidden city eunuchs and castrati have osteoporosis?